The synergy of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and rolling circle amplification (RCA) has been considered the cutting edge of molecular diagnostics. These biosensing assays, integrated with other techniques, are widely used in various biosensors for the detection of multiple targets, including nucleic and non-nucleic acid targets. Some biosensing platforms have demonstrated detection performance comparable to that of the gold standard techniques, showing the potential for application in the field of point-of-care testing (POCT). Herein, we review the recent advances over the past 5 years in CRISPR- and RCA-based biosensing chips and devices, with a focus on their implementation in POCT and in situ applications. We classify these systems based on target type, compare their performance metrics, and discuss key technological features. Based on relevant commercial products, we also outline the current challenges that these biosensors may face during commercialization and propose some potential solutions and future research directions.
We present an integrated multi-functional silicon photonic engine tailored specifically for long-range frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) laser ranging systems. The engine integrates a parallel four-channel dual-polarization coherent detection module, an on-chip optical splitting system, a laser nonlinearity calibration module utilizing a large-scale optical delay line (DL), and an on-chip local light optical splitting unit on a single chip. Key components, including germanium-silicon photodetectors, were optimized to achieve high responsivity (1.09 A/W) and low dark current (3.6 nA). The on-chip delay line design achieves an optical time delay of 5.74 ns with improved loss, enabling nonlinearity calibration that enhances signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectrum linewidth. The packaged silicon photonic engine, with a chip size of 2.8 mm × 2.7 mm, demonstrates ranging capabilities up to 200 m with SNR exceeding 10 dB across all four channels. This study represents a new integration solution for the FMCW laser ranging system, providing a robust platform for automotive and other high-precision ranging applications.
Two-dimensional (2D) organic–inorganic van der Waals heterojunctions (vdWHs) represent an emerging class of materials that could combine the characteristic structures and outstanding properties of both 2D materials and organic–inorganic components within a single composite, providing an ideal platform for broader, superior, and on-demand functional applications. Particularly, the use of 2D organic–inorganic vdWHs with different photosensitive materials and photonic structures plays a critical role in optimizing the photodetection and modulation efficiency, opening new avenues for designing and developing advanced optoelectronic devices. In recent years, great progress has been made in photodetectors based on the 2D organic–inorganic vdWHs, and this review aims to offer a timely overview of this evolving field. First, a survey of 2D inorganic and organic materials that prototypically are used for the fabrication of vdWHs, and then the fabrication approaches toward advanced 2D organic–inorganic vdWHs are highlighted. Following this, 2D organic–inorganic vdWH-based photodetectors and their potential applications are described. Finally, the frontier challenges and perspectives associated with the 2D organic–inorganic vdWHs are presented, in the hope of providing guidance for future research.
Flexible perovskite solar cells (FPSCs) have demonstrated considerable potential as a next-generation photovoltaic technology for space applications. However, their performance stability in space radiation environments remains a critical challenge. This paper proposes a performance evaluation strategy for FPSCs subjected to space irradiation damage. This strategy integrates a radiation damage model with a multi-physics field-coupled optoelectronic device performance simulation methodology, systematically assessing the protective efficacy of four commonly utilized polymer encapsulants under low Earth orbit proton radiation exposure. The results show that polyimide (PI) is better at blocking protons at all energy levels, making it the best encapsulation material for FPSCs. Furthermore, COMSOL fitting calculations reveal that PI-encapsulated devices exhibit sustained high performance following radiation exposure, underscoring their remarkable stability in terms of opto-electronic performance. This study provides a robust theoretical foundation and technical support for the protective design of spacecraft components and serves as a significant reference for the selection of appropriate encapsulation materials for future space applications.
Test-time adaptation (TTA) has demonstrated effectiveness in addressing distribution shifts between training and testing data by adjusting a given model on test samples. However, when faced with testing data that exhibit dynamic patterns, wherein a single test sample batch is drawn from various distribution, the traditional TTA methods, which typically follow a fixed pattern of estimating batch normalization (BN) statistics and then performing back-propagation, tend to experience performance degradation. The key reasons we observed are as follows: (i) different scenarios require different normalization approaches (such as instance normalization (IN) is optimal in mixture domains, but not for static domains) and (ii) back-propagation could potentially degrade the model and waste time. Based on these observations, in this paper, we introduce a novel one-size-fits-all approach, named distribution adaptive test-time adaptation (DA). DA is designed to adaptively select the appropriate batch normalization method and back-propagation approach. It utilizes an IN–based projection method to differentiate between various scenarios. Our method allows the model to achieve a more robust representation, enabling it to adapt effectively to both static and dynamic data patterns. Furthermore, our method avoids unnecessary or potentially harmful backward passes, paving the way for further enhancements. The results show that our method demonstrates robustness while maintaining good performance of the model. It can effectively respond to data stream patterns, and the selective back-propagation approach is more lightweight.
This letter demonstrates an AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) incorporating a Hf 0.5Zr 0.5O 2 (HZO)/Al 2O 3 ferroelectric gate dielectric fabricated via electron-beam evaporation (E-beam) technique. Through precise control of HZO growth processes and post-annealing treatments, high-quality ferroelectric thin films were obtained, acting as the gate dielectric, enabling an ultra-high current on/off ratio of 10 8, a low subthreshold slope (SS) of 64.4 mV/dec, and a wide tuning range of the threshold voltage (V TH). Our work indicates that ferroelectric polarization significantly influences electron transport behavior at the AlGaN/GaN interface, highlighting the potential of E-beam evaporated HZO thin film used in the application of next-generation power electronic systems.
